{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "seriesTitle": "The Canary Islands: Conquest and Survival",
  "episode": 2,
  "title": "Gran Canaria: The War Comes Home",
  "runtimeSeconds": 600,
  "filmmaker": "E = MC³",
  "format": "Music-led film with on-screen text; no spoken narration.",
  "description": "The five-year conquest of Gran Canaria, followed through the island’s places, people and Luisa de Betancor’s later legal record.",
  "chapters": [
    {
      "id": "ep02-01",
      "title": "Five years to take one island",
      "date": "Gran Canaria · 1478–1483",
      "startSeconds": 0,
      "endSeconds": 18,
      "timecode": "00:00",
      "text": "The Castilian conquest of Gran Canaria lasted five years. Resistance prolonged the campaign. For the people who lived here, its ending would change who held power over their homes, land and families.",
      "pictureCaption": "Roque Nublo · Gran Canaria · modern view, 2012",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "GC-History",
          "locator": "Campaign duration and incorporation"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-02",
      "title": "Keep these places in view",
      "date": "Gran Canaria · Modern geographical locator",
      "startSeconds": 18,
      "endSeconds": 48,
      "timecode": "00:18",
      "text": "Gáldar lies in the northwest. Las Palmas is on the northeast coast. Telde is farther south on the eastern side. Keep those places separate: the campaign did not happen at a single point.",
      "pictureCaption": "Historical explanation on modern relief · 2026",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Maps",
          "locator": "Named locations; no political boundary claim"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-03",
      "title": "People already lived here",
      "date": "Agáldar · Before 1483",
      "startSeconds": 48,
      "endSeconds": 66,
      "timecode": "00:48",
      "text": "Under modern Gáldar, excavation has uncovered more than fifty houses and artificial caves belonging to ancient Agáldar. The invaders were entering a populated landscape with homes and a history of its own.",
      "pictureCaption": "Agáldar settlement · Cueva Pintada excavations, 2024",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Galdar",
          "locator": "Settlement description"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-04",
      "title": "Luisa’s story starts before the campaign",
      "date": "Tenesoya Vidina · Luisa de Betancor",
      "startSeconds": 66,
      "endSeconds": 88,
      "timecode": "01:06",
      "text": "The archive identifies Luisa with the Indigenous name Tenesoya Vidina. Its account describes her capture by Diego de Herrera’s men, removal to Lanzarote and baptism as Luisa. Conquest reached her life before 1478.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · archival description of Luisa’s capture",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 9, archival historical description"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-05",
      "title": "A family across two worlds",
      "date": "Aymediacoan · Luisa · Autindana",
      "startSeconds": 88,
      "endSeconds": 106,
      "timecode": "01:28",
      "text": "Luisa’s later legal case remembers her father, Aymediacoan, and her brother, Autindana. These people enter our story through named testimony and family memory preserved in the archive.",
      "pictureCaption": "Family relationships · AHPLP testimony",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 16, questions 2–4; PDF page 17, Rodríguez testimony"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-06",
      "title": "The Crown takes charge",
      "date": "1478 · Conquista realenga",
      "startSeconds": 106,
      "endSeconds": 126,
      "timecode": "01:46",
      "text": "Realenga means conquest under royal authority. The monarchs and private investors backed these campaigns. Gran Canaria would come under the Crown of Castile.",
      "pictureCaption": "Modern locator · Gran Canaria and the archipelago",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Education",
          "locator": "PDF page 12, royal conquest; page 7, distinctions"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-07",
      "title": "24 June 1478",
      "date": "Guiniguada · Real de Las Palmas",
      "startSeconds": 126,
      "endSeconds": 156,
      "timecode": "02:06",
      "text": "Juan Rejón established a military settlement beside the Guiniguada. The date became the founding date of Las Palmas. The city’s beginning was also a foothold for conquering the island around it.",
      "pictureCaption": "Historical explanation on modern relief · 2026",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "LasPalmas",
          "locator": "City history, foundation paragraph"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-08",
      "title": "A camp becomes a city",
      "date": "Las Palmas · The northeastern shore",
      "startSeconds": 156,
      "endSeconds": 174,
      "timecode": "02:36",
      "text": "The military settlement became the seed of today’s city. Vegueta, its historic district, grew around that beginning. A place visitors now walk through started as a base for a war.",
      "pictureCaption": "Vegueta, Las Palmas · Bengt Nyman · modern view, 2017",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "LPAVisit",
          "locator": "Real de las Tres Palmas and founding district"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-09",
      "title": "Resistance had names",
      "date": "Arucas · During the conquest",
      "startSeconds": 174,
      "endSeconds": 192,
      "timecode": "02:54",
      "text": "Doramas resisted the invaders and was killed by Pedro de Vera in the hills of Arucas. The rural park that bears his name today commemorates that resistance.",
      "pictureCaption": "Arucas · modern townscape, not a surviving battlefield view",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Doramas",
          "locator": "Official Cabildo park leaflet, history caption"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-10",
      "title": "Five years is the point",
      "date": "1478–1483 · Continued resistance",
      "startSeconds": 192,
      "endSeconds": 216,
      "timecode": "03:12",
      "text": "The campaign did not end with the first landing or the first victory. Indigenous resistance kept the conquest going for years. A date on a map can make a long struggle look far too easy.",
      "pictureCaption": "Riscos de Tirajana · modern Gran Canaria landscape",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "GC-History",
          "locator": "Five-year campaign due to island resistance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-11",
      "title": "The invaders fought each other, too",
      "date": "1478–1480 · A divided command",
      "startSeconds": 216,
      "endSeconds": 234,
      "timecode": "03:36",
      "text": "Rejón clashed with Governor Pedro del Algaba. Algaba sent him to Castile; Rejón returned and had Algaba executed. The conquest had acquired a management problem. A lethal one.",
      "pictureCaption": "Command chronology · Government of the Canary Islands",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Gambin",
          "locator": "Indexed excerpt, printed page 216 / PDF page 8"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-12",
      "title": "Pedro de Vera takes over",
      "date": "1480 onward · A renewed campaign",
      "startSeconds": 234,
      "endSeconds": 252,
      "timecode": "03:54",
      "text": "Pedro de Vera renewed the campaign toward Gáldar, supported by Alonso Fernández de Lugo and Hernán Peraza. Remember Lugo: Tenerife is ahead.",
      "pictureCaption": "Agaete valley · Marianne Perdomo Machín · modern view, 2007",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Education",
          "locator": "PDF page 12, Gran Canaria section"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-13",
      "title": "Gáldar’s ruler",
      "date": "Late campaign · Tenesor Semidán",
      "startSeconds": 252,
      "endSeconds": 272,
      "timecode": "04:12",
      "text": "Tenesor Semidán ruled Gáldar as its guanarteme. The campaign against this northwestern center would soon turn on the capture of the ruler himself.",
      "pictureCaption": "Agáldar · detail of excavated dwellings, 2024",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Education",
          "locator": "PDF page 12, guanarteme and capture"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-14",
      "title": "A second front at Agaete",
      "date": "1481 · The northwestern coast",
      "startSeconds": 272,
      "endSeconds": 302,
      "timecode": "04:32",
      "text": "Pedro de Vera opened a second front at Agaete. A new fort, Casa Fuerte, was built around August–September 1481. Alonso Fernández de Lugo took command. The Castilians now had another base in the north.",
      "pictureCaption": "Historical explanation on modern relief · 2026",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Agaete",
          "locator": "Municipal Casa Fuerte history: 1481 second front, fort and command"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-15",
      "title": "The captured ruler becomes an ally",
      "date": "Late campaign · Fernando Guanarteme",
      "startSeconds": 302,
      "endSeconds": 320,
      "timecode": "05:02",
      "text": "Tenesor was captured, taken to Castile and baptized Fernando Guanarteme. He became a valuable Castilian ally. Indigenous resistance and Indigenous cooperation both shaped the island’s conquest.",
      "pictureCaption": "Gáldar · photograph, c.1890–1895 · later town context",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Education",
          "locator": "PDF page 12, capture, baptism and alliance"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-16",
      "title": "29 April 1483",
      "date": "Gran Canaria · The conventional endpoint",
      "startSeconds": 320,
      "endSeconds": 350,
      "timecode": "05:20",
      "text": "The conquest’s conventional end date is 29 April 1483. The island came under Castilian rule. Ending the campaign settled the question of political control; it did not finish the lives of the people who survived.",
      "pictureCaption": "Historical explanation on modern relief · 2026",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Aguimes",
          "locator": "PDF page 3, campaign dates"
        },
        {
          "id": "GC-History",
          "locator": "Incorporation in 1483"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-17",
      "title": "The people did not disappear",
      "date": "Gran Canaria · After 1483",
      "startSeconds": 350,
      "endSeconds": 368,
      "timecode": "05:50",
      "text": "Luisa would still be alive and defending her standing in 1528. The record itself carries people across the conquest’s dividing line. A conquered population was not simply erased from the island’s next chapter.",
      "pictureCaption": "Agaete · later sugar-mill and aqueduct remains, photographed 2026",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 16, living-party language; page 17, testimony"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-18",
      "title": "Aymediacoan, remembered decades later",
      "date": "Gáldar · Testimony in 1528",
      "startSeconds": 368,
      "endSeconds": 390,
      "timecode": "06:08",
      "text": "Adán de Azedo repeated a story he had heard from elders and conquerors: Aymediacoan had protected Christian captives. Decades later, that memory was still being told in defense of his daughter.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · published transcription of the later-copy record · Adán de Azedo",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 17, Adán de Azedo’s answer to question 4"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-19",
      "title": "What that account actually says",
      "date": "Earlier Gran Canaria · Recalled in 1528",
      "startSeconds": 390,
      "endSeconds": 412,
      "timecode": "06:30",
      "text": "According to the testimony, Castilian Christians captured at Agüimes faced being burned alive. Aymediacoan defended them and brought them to his own land so they would not be harmed.",
      "pictureCaption": "Historical explanation on modern relief · 2026",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 17, Adán de Azedo’s answer"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-20",
      "title": "A memory with a purpose",
      "date": "1528 · Evidence in a status dispute",
      "startSeconds": 412,
      "endSeconds": 430,
      "timecode": "06:52",
      "text": "The story presented Aymediacoan as a protector of Christians. That mattered in a Christian court assessing his daughter’s position. We are hearing both a remembered act and the family’s argument about why it counted.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · published transcription of the later-copy record · question about Aymediacoan",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 16, question 4; page 17, answer. The film’s interpretation is editorial."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-21",
      "title": "Autindana has a witness",
      "date": "Gáldar · 1528",
      "startSeconds": 430,
      "endSeconds": 452,
      "timecode": "07:10",
      "text": "Cristóbal Rodríguez said he had known Luisa’s brother Autindana. He recalled the island’s elders describing him as one of its foremost Indigenous nobles. Here is a named person remembering another named person.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · published transcription of the later-copy record · Cristóbal Rodríguez",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 17, Cristóbal Rodríguez’s response to question 2"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-22",
      "title": "More than forty years",
      "date": "Rodríguez’s recollection of Luisa",
      "startSeconds": 452,
      "endSeconds": 474,
      "timecode": "07:32",
      "text": "Rodríguez also said he had known Luisa for more than forty years. He had consistently seen her treated as a woman of leading lineage—and still regarded her that way in 1528.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · published transcription of the later-copy record · more than forty years",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 17, Cristóbal Rodríguez’s answer"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-23",
      "title": "Before and after",
      "date": "Catalina de Guzmán · Another witness",
      "startSeconds": 474,
      "endSeconds": 494,
      "timecode": "07:54",
      "text": "Catalina de Guzmán described Luisa’s recognized standing before the island was conquered and afterward. Her testimony connects two political worlds through one woman’s remembered place in society.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · published transcription of the later-copy record · Catalina de Guzmán",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 17, Catalina de Guzmán’s response"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-24",
      "title": "Now the past is evidence",
      "date": "31 August 1528 · Gáldar",
      "startSeconds": 494,
      "endSeconds": 516,
      "timecode": "08:14",
      "text": "Luisa and her sons challenged moneda forera, a royal tax. Their defense invoked ancestry and established hidalgo standing: privileged noble status in law. Family memory now had a practical job to do.",
      "pictureCaption": "Legal explanation · AHPLP proceedings",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 9, description; page 16, opening and status questions"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-25",
      "title": "The stakes were household goods",
      "date": "1528 · Pledges taken for the tax",
      "startSeconds": 516,
      "endSeconds": 536,
      "timecode": "08:36",
      "text": "A mantle. A firearm. A worked hand towel. Officials had seized these belongings from Luisa and her sons. Their argument about the past was also a demand to get their property back.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · published transcription of the later-copy record · the seized goods",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 17, question 9"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-26",
      "title": "A favorable order",
      "date": "1529 · The archive’s reported outcome",
      "startSeconds": 536,
      "endSeconds": 558,
      "timecode": "08:56",
      "text": "Judgment maintained the family’s existing hidalgo status and ordered the goods restored. Luisa’s recognized place before the conquest had helped support her family’s defense afterward. The war’s consequences had outlived the fighting.",
      "pictureCaption": "AHPLP · archival summary of the 1529 order",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "AHPLP",
          "locator": "PDF page 9, reported judgment; pages 16–17, status case"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-27",
      "title": "Next: another island, another war",
      "date": "Tenerife · 1494–1496",
      "startSeconds": 558,
      "endSeconds": 582,
      "timecode": "09:18",
      "text": "Gran Canaria’s conquest was over. Tenerife’s was still to come. In the next part, we follow that campaign—and the later record of Juan Dara, a Gran Canarian eventually described as a conquistador.",
      "pictureCaption": "Conquest chronology · modern explanatory map",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "MHA",
          "locator": "Museum conquest chronology, 1494–1496"
        },
        {
          "id": "Ara",
          "locator": "PDF page 19 / printed page 20, 1540 lease"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ep02-28",
      "title": "Gran Canaria: The War Comes Home",
      "date": "The Canary Islands: Conquest and Survival · Part Two",
      "startSeconds": 582,
      "endSeconds": 600,
      "timecode": "09:42",
      "text": "A film by E = MC³. Music: Nunca · Marcheur · Moon Farewell. The story continues in Part Three: Tenerife Fights Back.",
      "pictureCaption": "View from Riscos de Tirajana · modern landscape",
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "Credits",
          "locator": "Companion source list"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "AHPLP",
      "title": "Archivo Histórico Provincial de Las Palmas: Luisa de Betancor probanza, official facsimile publication",
      "note": "Official archival publication containing a modern edition and transcription of a later-copy record; the 1528 original manuscript was not inspected.",
      "url": "https://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/cmsgob1/export/sites/cultura/archivo_historico_lp/.content/AHPLP_galerias/PUBLICACIONES_AHPLP_pdf/AHPLP_Facsimiles/FacsimilCINCO.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "Galdar",
      "title": "Ayuntamiento de Gáldar: Cueva Pintada",
      "note": "Municipal archaeological-site description.",
      "url": "https://visitgaldar.es/museos/museo-y-parque-arqueologico-cueva-pintada"
    },
    {
      "id": "Maps",
      "title": "Geographical orientation / modern locator cartography",
      "note": "Modern explanatory maps used for geographical orientation. They do not show documented troop routes or historical boundaries.",
      "links": [
        {
          "title": "Mapzen terrain data",
          "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/"
        },
        {
          "title": "Elevation-data attribution",
          "url": "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "GC-History",
      "title": "Turismo de Gran Canaria: Historia",
      "note": "Official island history consulted through indexed content.",
      "url": "https://www.grancanaria.com/turismo/isla-de-gran-canaria/historia/"
    },
    {
      "id": "Education",
      "title": "Gobierno de Canarias: Historia y Patrimonio de Canarias2, ESO/Bachillerato (2020)",
      "note": "Government educational publication; relevant PDF pages 7 and 12–13 inspected.",
      "url": "https://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/cmsgob1/export/sites/educacion/web/.content/publicaciones/archivos/documento/historia-y-patrimonio-vol2-eso-bach.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "LasPalmas",
      "title": "Ayuntamiento de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Historia de la Ciudad",
      "note": "Official city history consulted through indexed content.",
      "url": "https://www.laspalmasgc.es/es/la-ciudad/historia/"
    },
    {
      "id": "LPAVisit",
      "title": "LPAVisit: Historia",
      "note": "Official city tourism history.",
      "url": "https://lpavisit.com/las-palmas-de-gran-canaria/historia/"
    },
    {
      "id": "Gambin",
      "title": "Mariano Gambín García: Precisiones cronológicas, Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos",
      "note": "Chronology discussed in an indexed passage, printed page 216 / PDF page 8. The full article was not inspected for this film.",
      "url": "https://revistas.grancanaria.com/index.php/aea/article/download/877/877"
    },
    {
      "id": "Aguimes",
      "title": "Ayuntamiento de Agüimes: Información histórica del municipio",
      "note": "Municipal history, PDF page 3, used for the campaign dates.",
      "url": "https://aguimes.es/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2-Historia.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "Ara",
      "title": "González Marrero, “Los Ara, una familia de origen prehispánico en el Valle de Taoro (1500–1600),” in Lecturas Aisladas (SEGEHECA)",
      "note": "Published study consulted at PDF page 19 / printed page 20. The quoted 1540 instrument was not inspected in its original manuscript."
    },
    {
      "id": "Credits",
      "title": "Film sources and visual credits",
      "note": "Credits for the film’s text, photographs, maps, diagrams and music are listed below."
    },
    {
      "id": "MHA",
      "title": "Museo de Historia y Antropología de Tenerife: La conquista",
      "note": "Museum account of the Tenerife conquest chronology.",
      "url": "https://www.museosdetenerife.org/mha-museo-de-historia-y-antropologia/portfolio-item/la-conquista/"
    },
    {
      "id": "Doramas",
      "title": "Cabildo de Gran Canaria: Parque Rural de Doramas leaflet",
      "note": "Official park leaflet’s history caption consulted through indexed content.",
      "url": "https://descargas.grancanaria.com/jardincanario/ESPACIOS%20NATURALES%20PROTEGIDOS%20DE%20GRAN%20CANARIA/C-12%20PARQUE%20RURAL%20DE%20DORAMAS.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "Agaete",
      "title": "Ayuntamiento de Agaete: Casa Fuerte",
      "note": "Municipal history of Casa Fuerte and the second front at Agaete.",
      "url": "https://turismo.agaete.es/lugares/patrimonio-cultural/casa-fuerte"
    }
  ],
  "visualCredits": [
    {
      "title": "Roque Nublo 2.jpg",
      "author": "Cap1000",
      "artist": "Cap1000",
      "credit": "Cap1000; CC0; Wikimedia Commons.",
      "date": "2012-10-07 15:40:42",
      "sourceURL": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roque_Nublo_2.jpg",
      "license": "CC0",
      "licenseURL": "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en",
      "changes": "Cropped, framed or slowly panned; explanatory overlays added.",
      "sceneIds": [
        "ep02-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "01-gran-canaria-relief",
      "artist": "Historical map reconstruction using Mapzen Terrain Tiles / USGS / EU Copernicus, Natural Earth coast and GeoNames; Agaete municipality for Casa Fuerte location.",
      "credit": "Historical map reconstruction using Mapzen Terrain Tiles / USGS / EU Copernicus, Natural Earth coast and GeoNames; Agaete municipality for Casa Fuerte location.",
      "sourceURL": "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/",
      "license": "Original explanatory composition. Natural Earth: public domain; GeoNames: CC BY 4.0; elevation attribution: Mapzen, USGS and EU Copernicus.",
      "licenseURL": "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md",
      "sourceURLs": [
        "https://registry.opendata.aws/terrain-tiles/",
        "https://github.com/tilezen/joerd/blob/master/docs/attribution.md",
        "https://turismo.agaete.es/lugares/patrimonio-cultural/casa-fuerte",
        "https://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/cmsgob1/export/sites/educacion/web/.content/publicaciones/archivos/documento/historia-y-patrimonio-vol2-primaria-1.pdf",
        "https://lafortaleza.es/el-yacimiento-de-la-fortaleza/",
        "https://www.grancanaria.com/turismo/isla-de-gran-canaria/historia/",
        "https://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/cmsgob1/export/sites/cultura/archivo_historico_lp/.content/AHPLP_galerias/PUBLICACIONES_AHPLP_pdf/AHPLP_Facsimiles/FacsimilCINCO.pdf"
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}
